Week of November 21

On November 21, 1970, a joint team of 92 U.S. Air Force Special Operations troops and 56 Army Special Forces personnel conducted one of the most daring and dramatic missions of the Vietnam War when they raided a North Vietnamese prison facility just 23 miles outside of Hanoi. Their objective was a breakout at Son Tay prison camp, where American intelligence believed as many as 70 American prisoners of war were being kept. The raid was the brainchild of Air Force Brigadier General Leroy Manor, among others. The commander of the assault force, hand-picked by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, was Special Forces Colonel Arthur D. “Bull” Simons. While the raid did not achieve its objective (the prisoners had by chance been relocated days earlier), the mission ultimately resulted in improved conditions and morale for American POWs and became a model for similar covert operations in future years and decades.

The man who led the Son Tay raid from the front, Colonel Bull Simons, was already a legendary figure in 1970. Simons was born in New York City in 1918. After joining ROTC and graduating from the University of Missouri with a degree in journalism, he was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant in 1941. During World War II, he initially deployed to New Guinea as an artillery officer, but in early 1943 he volunteered to serve as a company commander in the newly formed 6th Ranger Battalion. This was the beginning of a decorated career in special ops. Simons helped de-mine the Leyte Channel before the U.S. liberation of the Philippines in 1944. He then participated in the infamous raid on the Cabanatuan Japanese prisoner-of-war facility, which liberated more than 500 American POWs—many of whom were survivors of the Bataan Death March. Simon’s actions during this mission earned him a Silver Star.  By the time he was picked to lead the ground assault of the Son Tay Raid, he had attained the rank of Colonel and was 52 years old.  

The Department of Defense chose the codename Operation IVORY COAST for the raid on Son Tay. Colonel Simons and the other ranking officers handpicked 103 volunteers from the 6th and 7th Special Forces Groups. The soldiers trained at Elgin Air Force Base, Florida, in order to prepare for the humid weather and marshy terrain near the prison site. They memorized both scaled down and full-size mockups of the Son Tay Prison complex and rehearsed the raid, down to the smallest movements, nearly 200 times. Leaders eventually settled on November 21 as the date for the mission.  Raiders conduct a rehearsal of the raid at Elgin Air Force Base, Florida, circa 1970, with cloth representing the walls of the Son Tay compound. (U.S. Air Force)

In the days leading up to that date, Simons selected his best 56 men from his group of 103. A 14-man group known as “Blueboy” was assigned to land helicopters inside the Son Tay compound. A 22-man support group, “Greenleaf,” was to then blow a hole in the walls of the prison through which the POWs and Blueboy would leave. A third team of 20 men, codenamed “Redwine,” would provide security against North Vietnamese attacks while the other two teams were on the ground. A total of 29 aircraft also supported the mission, including assault, tanker, fighter-bomber, and transport aircraft along with 92 airmen.

When all was ready, the raiders took off from Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base, in Thailand, amid the late nighttime darkness of November 20. The rescue team arrived over the prison just after 2:00 am on November 21. While aircraft overhead attacked guard towers, barracks facilities, and known surface-to-air missile sites (SAMs) to provide cover, the transport helicopters landed in and around the compound. The Green Berets piled out into the din of automatic weapons fire and explosions. It was then that several things began to go wrong.

One of the six helicopters mistakenly landed at a neighboring North Vietnamese Army barracks facility, and the Special Forces servicemen aboard the chopper found themselves immediately in a confused firefight. Demonstrating extreme adaptability, however, the rest of the rescue team managed to quickly reassign combat roles and proceeded without the last helicopter. Another of the helicopters came down hard inside Son Tay when its rotor blades clipped the branches of a tree. While it came safely to the ground, the helicopter was out of commission.

The Green Berets headed directly for the prison cells, only to find that they were empty. Later, researchers learned that the North Vietnamese, during a routine review of the prison, discovered the same thing the United States had known—that Son Tay was uniquely vulnerable to an escape attempt. Just days earlier, Communist leaders had ordered all of the American POWs moved to a different camp not far away.

Finding no one to rescue, the raid teams boarded their helicopters and withdrew. From takeoff to landing, the mission lasted approximately five hours, but the actual time on the ground was only about 45 minutes. Though the raiders did not find any POWs, they did in fact rescue a downed F-105 pilot on their way back to Thailand. Remarkably, not a single man was lost, while two men suffered only minor wounds. One F-105 Wild Weasel providing cover for the raid had been struck by a SAM, but the two pilots had managed to eject and were rescued the following day.

While the Son Tay Prison raid did not rescue any POWs, it was effective in unforeseen ways. Subsequent intelligence and documents translated in later years showed that the North Vietnamese were shocked by the raid. At a time when Hanoi felt increasingly confident of victory as the U.S. pulled its combat forces out of Southeast Asia, the United States had nonetheless managed to land a large assault team less than two dozen miles from their capital city, kill several hundred of their troops, and then leave virtually unscathed. This stunning fact compelled Communist leaders to reconsider their prisoner housing policies. In the wake of the attempted rescue, they moved all POWs from scattered outlying camps into a small number of large, centralized facilities inside the city. They hoped this would discourage further rescue attempts.

The CIA built this table top replica of Son Tay for planning and study purposes. (National Archives)The POWs later reported, however, that coming together with so many of their fellow countrymen had greatly boosted their morale. The raid made it clear that the United States had not forgotten about them or their plight. Perhaps more significant, the consolidation of larger groups of POWs in fewer facilities made the prisoners’ communication, organization, and resistance efforts more effective. Some prisoners who had not seen friendly faces for years now had the consolation of being nearer and connected to their fellow Americans. Additionally, hoping to further discourage any further raids, Hanoi significantly improved the living conditions for prisoners and ceased using torture for interrogations. Lastly, the raid was conceived, planned, practiced, and executed with such proficiency—especially given the way the raiders were forced to adapt to contingencies in real time—that the raid became a model and precedent for numerous future special operations missions for years afterward. Such results are why the Son Tay Prison raid has sometimes been called the “successful failure.”

Every member of the team that attempted the rescue of the POWs received the Silver Star medal. Their commander, Colonel Bull Simons, earned the Distinguished Service Cross, which is preceded only by the Medal of Honor as the United States’ highest military honor. Simons served three combat tours in Vietnam before he permanently retired from the Army in 1971, at the age of 53. He left the service as one of the most decorated American veterans alive, having earned during his career the Distinguished Service Cross, Silver Star, Legion of Merit with 4 oak leaf clusters, a Bronze Star for valor, and a Purple Heart, among many others. He also left as one of America’s foremost experts in special warfare. Incredibly, in 1978 at the age of 60, he led a team that successfully rescued two American civilians from captivity in Iran. Bull Simons passed away of heart complications three months later, in 1979.1


1John T. Correll, “Into Son Tay,” Air Force Magazine, October 2018 (accessed 11/16/19); Callie Oettinger, “Son Tay Raid Revisited,” November 2012, The History Reader, St. Martin’s Press (accessed 11/16/19); Spencer C. Tucker, ed., The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2nd edition; Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011); Stuart I. Rochester and Frederick Kiley, Honor Bound: The History of American Prisoners of War in Southeast Asia, 1961–1973 (Washington, D.C.: Historical Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1998); “Rescue Attempt: Son Tay Raid,” National Museum of the Airforce, March 2011 (accessed 4/22/14); C.V. Glines, “The Son Tay Raid,” Air Force Magazine 78 (November 1995), (accessed 11/17/19); Deborah Kidwell, The Son Tay Raid: American POWs in Vietnam Were Not Forgotten, by John Gargus, (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2007), History Net (accessed 11/16/19); Earl Tilford, The Son Tay Raid: American POWs in Vietnam Were Not Forgotten, by John Gargus, (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2007), H-Net, March 2008 (accessed 11/16/19); Unknown author, “About Bull Simons,” Arthur D. Simons Center for Interagency Cooperation (accessed 11/16/19).


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Week of April 9 Week of
April 9
At the end of 1964, with direct U.S. participation in combat operations poised to begin, there were about 23,000 U.S. forces in Vietnam. In less than five years, by the first...
Week of April 2 Week of
April 2
By the end of March 1972, there were fewer than 70,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam (after peaking in 1969 at over 540,000). Following President Richard Nixon's "Vietnamization"...
Week of March 26 Week of
March 26
On March 26, 1964, Air Force Captain Richard L. Whitesides and Army Special Forces Captain Floyd J. Thompson were conducting a reconnaissance mission aboard a small...
Week of March 19 Week of
March 19
In late February 1965, a U.S. helicopter pilot spotted a 130-foot North Vietnamese vessel anchored in South Vietnam's Vung Ro Bay. Investigators discovered the ship was carrying...
Week of March 12 Week of
March 12
As the United States commenced a bombing campaign against North Vietnam, American leaders grew concerned about the possibility of Communist retaliation against U.S....
Week of March 5 Week of
March 5
On March 2, 1965, U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps aircraft commenced the bombing of military, industrial, and infrastructure targets in North Vietnam. Called...
Week of February 12 Week of
February 12
On February 12, 1973, a group of American prisoners of war (POWs) lifted off from Hanoi's Gia Lam Airport, in North Vietnam, aboard a U.S. Air Force C-141 Starlifter. These men...

 

Week of November 21


Photograph of some of the Son Tay raiders prior to take off off, November 20, 1970. (U.S. Air Force)
Photograph of some of the Son Tay
raiders prior to take off,
November 20, 1970.
(U.S. Air Force) 

Colonel Arthur “Bull” D. Simons, U.S. Army. (Arthur D. Simons Center)
Colonel Arthur "Bull" D. Simons,
U.S. Army
(VVMF)